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Schreiber教授因發(fā)明PAM系列調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x而獲得首屆國際光合作用協(xié)會（ISPR）創(chuàng)新獎2006年正式商業(yè)化的雙通道PAM-100熒光儀——DUAL-PAM-100，是大名鼎鼎的PAM-101/102/103的升級版,，是全球**可同步測量P700（PS I活性）和葉綠素?zé)晒猓≒S II活性）的儀器,，短短兩年多時間里在全世界科研界得到廣泛應(yīng)用，發(fā)表了數(shù)十篇高水平科研論文,。

受光電技術(shù)限制,，DUAL-PAM-100的測量頭DUAL-DB（或DUAL-DR）和DUAL-E都是外置的，儀器不方便在野外使用,。2009年,，Schreiber教授及其團隊經(jīng)過兩年的不斷研發(fā)、改進,，終于做到在不損失信號的基礎(chǔ)上將所有的激發(fā)光源和檢測器內(nèi)置到主機中,，推出了光纖版雙通道PAM-100熒光儀——DUAL-PAM/F。

DUAL-PAM/F采用光纖做為激發(fā)光,、葉綠素?zé)晒夂蚉700信號的傳導(dǎo)體,，方便在野外現(xiàn)場測量P700和葉綠素?zé)晒?/strong>，朝著P700的現(xiàn)場測量邁出了一大步,！

主要功能* 野外或室內(nèi)單獨或同步測量葉綠素?zé)晒夂蚉700

* 兩個光系統(tǒng)的誘導(dǎo)動力學(xué)曲線（包括快相和慢相）

* 兩個光系統(tǒng)的快速光曲線和光響應(yīng)曲線

* 淬滅分析,、暗馳豫分析

* 典型的P700曲線測量

* 通過葉綠素?zé)晒夂蚉700的同步測量獲知兩個光系統(tǒng)的電子傳遞動力學(xué)、電子載體庫的大小,、圍繞PSI 的環(huán)式電子傳遞動力學(xué)等

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

相當(dāng)于兩臺PAM-101/ 102/ 103的功能,，可同時測量光系統(tǒng)II活性（調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒猓┖凸庀到y(tǒng)I活性（P700吸收變化）可用于光合作用機理研究、植物生理學(xué),、農(nóng)學(xué),、林學(xué),、園藝學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，特別適合于野外現(xiàn)場測量,。

測量參數(shù)

PS II參數(shù)：Fo,， Fm， F,， Fm’,， Fv/Fm， Y(II)=△F/Fm’,， Fo’,， qP， qL,， qN,， NPQ， Y(NPQ),， Y(NO)和ETR(II)等

PS I參數(shù)：P700,， Pm， Pm’,， P700red,， Y(I)， Y(ND),， Y(NA)和ETR(I)等

主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

* P700雙波長測量光：LED,，830 nm和870 nm

* PSII熒光測量光：LED，460 nm（DUAL-DB）或620 nm（DUAL-DR）

* 紅色光化光：LED陣列,，635 nm,；**連續(xù)光強2000 μmol m-2 s-1

* 藍(lán)色光化光：LED，460 nm,；**連續(xù)光強700 μmol m-2 s-1

* 單周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光（ST）：200000 μmol m-2 s-1,，5～50 μs可調(diào)

* 多周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光（MT）：20000 μmol m-2 s-1，1～1000 ms可調(diào)

部分利用DUAL-PAM發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)

1.Coopman RE,， Fuentes-Neira FP,， Briceño VF， Cabrera HM,， Corcuera LJ,， Bravo LA: Light energy partitioning in photosystems I and II during development of Nothofagus nitida growing under different light environments in the Chilean evergreen temperate rain forest Trees - Structure and Function2010， 24(2):247-259.[DUAL-PAM-100]

2.Huang W,， Zhang S-B,， Cao K-F: The different effects of chilling stress under moderate light intensity on photosystem II compared with photosystem I and subsequent recovery in tropical tree species. Photosynthesis Research2010， 103(3):175-182.[DUAL-PAM-100]

3.Ma W,， Mi H,， Shen Y: Influence of the redox state of Q_A on phycobilisome mobility in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 Journal of Luminescence2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100]

4.Pribil M,， Pesaresi P， Hertle A,， Barbato R,， Leister D: Role of Plastid Protein Phosphatase TAP38 in LHCII Dephosphorylation and Thylakoid Electron Flow. PLoS Biol2010， 8(1):e1000288.[DUAL-PAM-100]

5.Saldaña AO,， Hernández C， Coopman RE,， Bravo LA,， Corcuera LJ: Differences in light usage among three fern species of genus Blechnum of contrasting ecological breadth in a forest light gradient Ecological Research2010， 25(2):273-281.[DUAL-PAM-100]

6.Yin L,， Lundin B,， Bertrand M， Nurmi M,， Solymosi K,， Kangasjarvi S， Aro E-M,， Schoefs B,， Spetea C: Role of Thylakoid ATP/ADP Carrier in Photoinhibition and Photoprotection of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100， TEACHING-PAM]

7.程建峰,， 陳根云,， 沈允鋼: 神農(nóng)架林區(qū)不同類型植物的葉片特征與光合性能研究. 生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報2010， 19(1):165-171.[DUAL-PAM-100,， IMAGING-PAM]

8.Bernard DG,， Cheng Y， Zhao Y,， Balk J: An allelic mutant series of ATM3 reveals its key role in the biogenesis of cytosolic iron-sulfur proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009,， 151:590-602.[DUAL-PAM-100]

9.Bernát G， Waschewski N,， Rögner M: Towards efficient hydrogen production: the impact of antenna size and external factors on electron transport dynamics in Synechocystis PCC 6803 Photosynthesis Research2009,， 99(3):205-216.[DUAL-PAM-100]

10.Chen J， Xia X,， Yin W: Expression profiling and functional characterization of a DREB2-type gene from Populus euphratica Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2009,， 378(3):483-487.[DUAL-PAM-100]

11.Chiu Y-F， Lin W-C,， Wu C-M,， Chen Y-H， Hung C-H,， Ke S-C,， Chu H-A: Identification and characterization of a cytochrome b559 Synechocystis 6803 mutant spontaneously generated from DCMU-inhibited photoheterotrophical growth conditions Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009,， 1787(10):1179-1188.[DUAL-PAM-100]

12.Damkjær JT， Kereïche S,， Johnson MP,， Kovacs L， Kiss AZ,， Boekema EJ,， Ruban AV， Horton P,， Jansson S: The Photosystem II Light-Harvesting Protein Lhcb3 Affects the Macrostructure of Photosystem II and the Rate of State Transitions in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell2009,， 21:3245-3256.[DUAL-PAM-100， PAM-100]

13.Grouneva I,， Jakob T,， Wilhelm C， Goss R: The regulation of xanthophyll cycle activity and of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching by two alternative electron flows in the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cyclotella meneghiniana Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009,， 1787(7):929-938.[DUAL-PAM-100]

14.Hölzl G,， Witt S， Gaude N,， Melzer M,， Schöttler MA， Dörmann P: The Role of Diglycosyl Lipids in Photosynthesis and Membrane Lipid Homeostasis inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009,， 150:1147-1159.[DUAL-PAM-100,， KLAS-100]

15.Johnson MP， Pérez-Bueno ML,， Zia A,， Horton P， Ruban AV: The Zeaxanthin-Independent and Zeaxanthin-Dependent qE Components of Nonphotochemical Quenching Involve Common Conformational Changes within the Photosystem II Antenna inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009,， 149:1061-1075.[DUAL-PAM-100]

16.Johnson MP,， Ruban AV: Photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants involves alteration of the excited state energy of the emitting chlorophyll(s) in the light harvesting antenna II (LHCII). Journal of Biological Chemistry2009， 284:23592-23601.[DUAL-PAM-100]

17.Kromkamp JC,， Beardall J,， Sukenik A， Kopeck J,， Masojidek J,， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S,， Shaham E,， Yamshon A: Short-term variations in photosynthetic parameters of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in two types of outdoor mass cultivation systems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56:309-322.[DUAL-PAM,， Flow-Through WATER-PAM]

18.Lin A-P,， Wang G-C,， Yang F， Pan G-H: Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales,， Rhodophyta) during dehydration and re-hydration Planta2009,， 229(4):803-810.[DUAL-PAM-100]

19.Lípová L， Krchňák P,， Komenda J,， Ilík P: Heat-induced disassembly and degradation of chlorophyll-containing protein complexes in vivo Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1797(1):63-70.[DUAL-PAM-100]

20.Perreault F,， Ali NA,， Saison C， Popovic R,， Juneau P: Dichromate effect on energy dissipation of photosystem II and photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2009,， 96(1):24-29.[DUAL-PAM-100]

21.Schultze M,， Forberich B,， Rexroth S， Dyczmons NG,， Roegner M,， Appel J: Localization of cytochrome b6f complexes implies an incomplete respiratory chain in cytoplasmic membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1787(12):1479-1485.[DUAL-PAM-100]

22.Sukenik A,， Beardall J,， Kromkamp JC， Kopeck J,， Masojídek J,， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S,， Shaham E,， Yamshon A: Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a widerange of environmental conditions. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56(2-3):297-308.[DUAL-PAM-100,， FLOW THROUGH WATER-PAM]

23.Tillich M,， Hardel SL， Kupsch C,， Armbruster U,， Delannoy E， Gualberto JM,， Lehwark P,， Leister D， Small ID,， Schmitz-Linneweber C: Chloroplast ribonucleoprotein CP31A is required for editing and stability of specific chloroplast mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2009,， 106(14):6002-6007.[DUAL-PAM-100]

24.Tóth SZ,， Puthur JT， Nagy V,， Garab G: Experimental Evidence for Ascorbate-Dependent Electron Transport in Leaves with Inactive Oxygen-Evolving Complexes. Plant Physiology2009,， 149:1568-1578.[PAM-100， DUAL-PAM-100]

25.Tsunoyama Y,， Bernát G,， Dyczmons NG， Schneider D,， Rögner M: Multiple rieske proteins enable short- and long-term light adaptation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Journal of Biological Chemistry2009,， 284:27875-27883.[DUAL-PAM-100]

26.薛占軍， 高志奎,， 王梅,， 鐘傳飛， 高榮孚: 茄子（Solanum MelongenaL.）葉上表皮紫色花色素苷對光合機構(gòu)的保護效應(yīng). 生態(tài)學(xué)報2009,， 29(3):1374-1381.[DUAL-PAM-100]

27.Aronsson H,， Schöttler MA， Kelly AA,， Sundqvist C,， Dörmann P， Karim S,， Jarvis P: Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol deficiency in Arabidopsis affects pigment composition in the prolamellar body and impairs thylakoid membrane energization and photoprotection in leaves. Plant Physiology2008,， 148:580-592.[DUAL-PAM-100， KLAS-100]

28.Bailey S,， Melis A,， Mackey KRM， Cardol P,， Finazzi G,， Dijken Gv， Berge GM,， Arrigo K,， Shrager J， Grossman A: Alternative photosynthetic electron flow to oxygen in marine Synechococcus Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2008,， 1777(3):269-276.[DUAL-PAM-100,， WATER-PAM]

29.Ehlert B， Schöttler MA,， Tischendorf G,， Ludwig-Müller J， Bock R: The paramutated SULFUREA locus of tomato is involved in auxin biosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Biology2008， 59(13):3635-3647.[DUAL-PAM-100]

30.François P,， Nadia AA,， Cyril S， Philippe J,， Radovan P: Alteration of Energy Dissipation by Dichromate in Xanthophyll Deficient Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii In: Photosynthesis Energy from the Sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis. Edited by Allen JF,， Gantt E， Golbeck JH,， Osmond B: Springer; 2008: 1535-1538.

31.Ma W,， Chen L， Wei L,， Wang Q: Excitation energy transfer between photosystems in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Journal of Luminescence2008,， 128(3):546-548.[DUAL-PAM-100]

32.Ma W， Wei L,， Wang Q: The response of electron transport mediated by active NADPH dehydrogenase complexes to heat stress in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Science in China2008,， 51(12):1082-1087.[dual-pam-100]

33.Pfundel E， Klughammer C,， Schreiber U: Monitoring the effects of reduced PS II antenna size on quantum yields of photosystems I and II using the Dual-PAM-100 measuring system. PAM Application Notes2008,， 1:21-24.[DUAL-PAM-100]

34.Rogalski M， Schöttler MA,， Thiele W,， Schulze WX,， Bock R: Rpl33,， a nonessential plastid-encoded ribosomal protein in tobacco， is required under cold stress conditions. The Plant Cell2008,， 20:2221-2237.[DUAL-PAM-100]

35.Schreiber U,， Klughammer C: New accessory for the Dual-PAM-100: the P525/535 module and examples of its application. PAM Application Notes2008， 1:1-10.[DUAL-PAM-100]

36.Schreiber U,， Klughammer C: Saturation Pulse method for assessment of energy conversion in PS I. PAM Application Notes2008,， 1:11-14.[DUAL-PAM-100]

37.Schreiber U， Klughammer C: Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and quantum yields in PS I and PS II: Analysis of heat-induced limitations using Maxi-Imaging-PAM and Dual-PAM-100. PAM Application Notes2008,， 1:15-18.[MAXI-IMAGING-PAM,， DUAL-PAM-100]

38.Xu M， Bernát G,， Singh A,， Mi H， Rögner M,， Pakrasi HB,， Ogawa T: Properties of mutants of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 lacking inorganic carbon sequestration systems. Plant Cell and Physiology2008， 49(11):1672-1677.[DUAL-PAM-100]

39.Schöttler M， Flügel C,， Thiele W,， Stegemann S， Bock R: The plastome-encoded PsaJ subunit is required for efficient Photosystem I excitation,， but not for plastocyanin oxidation in tobacco. Biochemical Journal2007,， 403(2):251-260.[DUAL-PAM-100]

40.Schöttler MA， Flügel C,， Thiele W,， Bock R: Knock-out of the plastid-encoded PetL subunit results in reduced stability and accelerated leaf age-dependent loss of the cytochrome b₆f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007， 282(2):976-985.[PAM-100,， DUAL-PAM-100]

41.Volkmer T,， Schneider D， Bernát G,， Kirchhoff H,， Wenk S-O， Rögner M: Ssr2998 of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is involved in regulation of cyanobacterial electron transport and associated with the cytochrome b₆f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007,， 282(6):3730-3737.[DUAL-PAM-100]

42.Kovács L,， Damkjær J， Kereïche S,， Ilioaia C,， Ruban AV， Boekema EJ,， Jansson S,， Horton P: Lack of the Light-Harvesting Complex CP24 Affects the Structure and Function of the Grana Membranes of Higher Plant Chloroplasts. The Plant Cell2006， 18:3106-3120.[PAM-100,， DUAL-PAM-100]

43.Lohmann A,， Schottler MA， Brehelin C,， Kessler F,， Bock R， Cahoon EB,， Dormann P: Deficiency in phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) methylation affects prenyl quinone distribution,， photosystem I abundance， and anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis AtmenG mutant. Journal of Biological Chemistry2006,， 281(52):40461-40472.[DUAL-PAM-100,， IMAGING-PAM]