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Schreiber教授因發(fā)明PAM系列調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x而獲得首屆國(guó)際光合作用協(xié)會(huì)（ISPR）創(chuàng)新獎(jiǎng)
DIVING-PAM是全世界**的一款可以原位研究水下植物（大型海藻、水草、珊瑚,、沉水植物、“藻墊”和附著藻類等）光合作用的儀器,，可達(dá)50米深度,。它開創(chuàng)了在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究這些植物的光合作用的先河。DIVING-PAM在世界各地甚至是南,、北極地區(qū)都有廣泛應(yīng)用,。
DIVING-PAM是由超便攜式調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨xMINI-PAM演化而來的，后者已被證明是野外光合作用研究的強(qiáng)大工具,。DIVING-PAM的光電元件和操作軟件與MINI-PAM相同,，但DIVING-PAM的外殼采用了全防水設(shè)計(jì)，特別適合水下操作,。DIVING-PAM的按鍵非常靈敏,，在水下只需用指尖輕輕一摁即可。主機(jī)和樣品之間通過非常柔軟的光纖連接,，有多種特制葉夾可選,。
DIVING-PAM可以存儲(chǔ)4000組數(shù)據(jù)，利用Windows操作軟件WinControl可以進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,、數(shù)據(jù)分析和遙控操作,。
| 利用DIVING-PAM在海底原位測(cè)量澳洲大堡礁珊瑚的光合作用 |
主要功能
* 儀器全防水設(shè)計(jì)，耐受50 m水壓
* 可測(cè)熒光誘導(dǎo)曲線并進(jìn)行淬滅分析
* 可測(cè)光響應(yīng)曲線和快速光曲線（RLC）
* 51個(gè)內(nèi)置模式菜單,，方便參數(shù)設(shè)置和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)量
* 可測(cè)水溫,、水深和PAR
* 光感式按鍵，方便水下使用
應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
應(yīng)用于水生生物學(xué)與海洋生物學(xué),、潮間帶生態(tài)學(xué),、珊瑚研究、湖泊生態(tài)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域,。原位測(cè)量珊瑚,、大型海藻、沉水植物生理活性的**儀器,。也可用于測(cè)量雨季陸生高等植物的光合活性,。可測(cè)量微藻,，但不太適合于自然水體中的浮游植物測(cè)量,。
測(cè)量參數(shù)
Fo， Fm,， F,， Fm'， Fv/Fm， Y(II)=ΔF/Fm',， qP,， qN， NPQ,， ETR,， PAR， 水深和溫度等,。
系統(tǒng)組成
① 微型光量子探頭適配器,，用于水下原位測(cè)量PAR。
⑵ 磁性樣品架DIVING-MLC（可選附件）,，分上,、下兩部分，可以靠磁性?shī)A住葉片進(jìn)行暗適應(yīng),。上部覆蓋帶彈性的橡膠皮,，中間開一條縫。光纖可從縫中插入,，光纖插入后縫自動(dòng)閉合,，不會(huì)漏進(jìn)環(huán)境光。
③ 暗適應(yīng)葉夾DIVING-LC（可選附件）,，塑料制,，重量輕。也可用PAM-2100和MINI-PAM的暗適應(yīng)葉夾DLC-8代替,。
④ 暗適應(yīng)適配器,。光纖可深入暗適應(yīng)適配器中固定好，測(cè)量時(shí)放到暗適應(yīng)葉夾DIVING-LC的上部,，打開DIVING-LC的滑片即可,。
⑤ 遮光板，裝在光適應(yīng)樣品架DIVING-USH的底部,，阻擋底部反射光,。
⑥ 水下樣品架DIVIN-USH
⑦ 全防水設(shè)計(jì)的主機(jī)
⑧ 表面樣品室DIVING-SH(可選附件)，特別適合測(cè)量珊瑚時(shí)用,。改樣品室四周有4個(gè)帶橡皮筋的掛鉤,，可以牢牢固定在凹凸不平的珊瑚表面。
主要技術(shù)參數(shù)
測(cè)量光：紅色發(fā)光二極管（LED）,，650 nm,；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)光強(qiáng)0.15 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR；調(diào)制頻率0.6或20 kHz,，自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換,。
光化光：鹵素?zé)簦?V/20W,，藍(lán)色增強(qiáng)，λ<710 nm,，**連續(xù)光強(qiáng)6000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR,。
飽和脈沖：鹵素?zé)簦?V/20W，藍(lán)色增強(qiáng),，λ<710 nm,，**飽和閃光強(qiáng)度18000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR。
信號(hào)檢測(cè)：PIN-光電二極管,，帶短波截止濾光片，λ>710 nm,；選擇性鎖相放大器（**設(shè)計(jì)）,。
數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)：CMOS RAM 128 KB，可存儲(chǔ)4000組數(shù)據(jù)
測(cè)量參數(shù)：Fo,， Fm,， Fm’， F,， Fv/Fm(max. Yield),， ΔF/Fm’(Yield)， qP,， qN,， NPQ， ETR,， PAR和葉溫等,。
環(huán)境溫度：-5～＋40℃，在南,、北極有成功應(yīng)用,。
部分文獻(xiàn)
1.Borell EM， Romatzki SBC,， Ferse SCA: Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field Coral Reefs2010,， 29(1):191-200.[DIVING-PAM]
2.Chevalier EM， Gévaert F,， Créach A: In situ photosynthetic activity and xanthophylls cycle development of undisturbed microphytobenthos in an intertidal mudflat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2010,， 385:44-49.[DIVING-PAM]
3.Edwards MS， Kim KY: Diurnal variation in relative photosynthetic performance in giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae,， Laminariales) at different depths as estimated using PAM fluorometry Aquatic Botany2010,， 92(2):119-128.[DIVING-PAM]
4.Green DH， Edmunds PJ,， Pochon X,， Gates RD: The effects of substratum type on the growth,， mortality， and photophysiology of juvenile corals in St. John,， US Virgin Islands Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2010,， 384(1-2):18-29.[DIVING-PAM]
5.Marquardt R， Schubert H,， Varela DA,， Huovinen P， Henríquez L,， Buschmann AH: Light acclimation strategies of three commercially important red algal species. Aquaculture2010,， 299:140-148.[DIVING-PAM]
6.Ochieng CA， Short FT,， Walker DI: Photosynthetic and morphological responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to a gradient of light conditions Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2010,， 382(2):117-124.[DIVING-PAM]
7.Abreu MH， Varela DA,， Henríquez L,， Villarroel A， Yarish C,， Sousa-Pinto I,， Buschmann AH: Traditional vs. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture ofGracilaria chilensis C. J. Bird， J. McLachlan & E. C. Oliveira: Productivity and physiological performance Aquaculture2009,， 293(3-4):211-220.[DIVING-PAM]
8.Almeida CMR,， Dias AC， Mucha AP,， Bordalo AA,， Vasconcelos MTSD: Influence of surfactants on the Cu phytoremediation potential of a salt marsh plant Chemosphere2009， 75(2):135-140.[DIVING-PAM]
9.Cantin NE,， van Oppen MJH,， Willis BL， Mieog JC,， Negri2 AP: Juvenile corals can acquire more carbon from high-performance algal symbionts Coral Reefs2009,， 28(2):405-414.[DIVING-PAM]
10.Chartrand KM， Durako MJ,， Blum JE: Effect of hyposalinity on the photophysiology of Siderastrea radians Marine Biology2009,， 156(8):1691-1702.[DIVING-PAM]
11.Collier CJ， Lavery PS,， Ralph PJ,， Masini RJ: Shade-induced response and recovery of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2009， 370(1-2):89-103.[DIVING-PAM]
12.Davoult D,， Migné A,， Créach A,， Gévaert F， Hubas C,， Spilmont N,， Boucher G: Spatio-temporal variability of intertidal benthic primary production and respiration in the western part of the Mont Saint-Michel Bay (Western English Channel， France) Hydrobiologia2009,， 620(1):163-172.[DIVING-PAM]
13.Downs CA,， Kramarsky-Winter E， Woodley CM,， Downs A,， Winters G， Loya Y,， Ostrander GK: Cellular pathology and histopathology of hypo-salinity exposure on the coral Stylophora pistillata Science of The Total Environment2009,， 407(17):4838-4851.[DIVING-PAM]
14.Enríquez S， Ávila E,， Carballo JL: Phenotypic plasticity induced in transplant experiments in a mutualistic association between the red alga Jania adhaerens (Rhodophyta， Corallinales) and the sponge Haliclona caerulea (Porifera: Haplosclerida): morphological responses of the alga. Journal of Phycology2009,， 45(1):81-90.[DIVING-PAM]
15.Figueroa FL,， Korbee N， Carrillo P,， Medina-Sánchez JM,， Mata M， Bonomi J,， Sánchez-Castillo PM: The effects of UV radiation on photosynthesis estimated as chlorophyll fluorescence inZygnemopsis decussata (Chlorophyta) growing in a high mountain lake (Sierra Nevada,， Southern Spain). Journal of Limnology2009， 68(2):206-216.[DIVING-PAM]
16.Halac S,， García-Mendoza E,， Banaszak AT: Ultraviolet Radiation Reduces the Photoprotective Capacity of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae， Heterokontophyta). Photochemistry and Photobiology2009,， 85(3):807-815.[DIVING-PAM]
17.Horn LE,， Paling EI， Keulen Mv: Photosynthetic recovery of transplantedPosidonia sinuosa,， Western Australia. Aquatic Botany2009,， 90(2):149-156.[DIVING-PAM]
18.Jesus B， Brotas V,， Ribeiro L,， Mendes CR， Cartaxana P,， Paters DM: Adaptations of microphytobenthos assemblages to sediment type and tidal position Continental Shelf Research2009,， 29(13):1624-1634.[DIVING-PAM]
19.Polerecky L,， Al-Najjar ABM， Faerber P,， Osmers H,， Suci PA， Stoodley P,， Beer Dd: Modular Spectral Imaging System for Discrimination of Pigments in Cells and Microbial Communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology2009,， 75(3):758-771.[DIVING-PAM]
20.Spilmont N， Denis L,， Artigas LF,， Caloin F， Courcot L,， Créach A,， Desroy N， Gevaert F,， Hacquebart P,， Hubas Cet al: Impact of the Phaeocystis globosa spring bloom on the intertidal benthic compartment in the eastern English Channel: A synthesis Marine Pollution Bulletin2009， 58(1):55-63.[DIVING-PAM]
21.Vermeij MJA,， Smith TB,， Dailer ML， Smith CM: Release from native herbivores facilitates the persistence of invasive marine algae: a biogeographical comparison of the relative contribution of nutrients and herbivory to invasion success Biological Invasions2009,， 11(6):1463-1474.[DIVING-PAM]
22.Williams SL,， Carranza A， Kunzelman J,， Datta S,， Kuivila KM: Effects of the Herbicide Diuron on Cordgrass (Spartina foliosa ) Reflectance and Photosynthetic Parameters Estuaries and Coasts2009， 32(1):146-157.[DIVING-PAM]
23.Yuen YS,， Yamazaki SS,， Nakamura T， Tokuda G,， Yamasaki H: Effects of live rock on the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera cultured with high levels of nitrogenous compounds Aquacultural Engineering2009,， 41(1):35-43.[DIVING-PAM]
24.何偉， 王國(guó)祥,， 楊文斌,， 陳秋敏， 陸貽超: 水深梯度對(duì)菹草生長(zhǎng)的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)雜志2009,， 28(7):1224-1228.[DIVING-PAM]
25.李強(qiáng),， 王國(guó)祥: 秋冬季光照、水溫對(duì)菹草萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響. 重慶文理學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2009,， 28(1):9-15.[DIVING-PAM]
26.李強(qiáng),， 王國(guó)祥: 水體泥沙對(duì)苦草生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和葉片光合生理特性的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2009,， 29(6):2852-2860.[DIVING-PAM]
27.劉玉， 王國(guó)祥,， 潘國(guó)權(quán): 水位埋深對(duì)菖蒲萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響. 湖泊科學(xué)2009,， 21(4):530-537.[DIVING-PAM]
28.宋玉芝， 蔡煒,， 秦伯強(qiáng): 太湖常見浮葉植物和沉水植物的光合熒光特性比較. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2009,， 20(3):569-573.[DIVING-PAM]
29.Belshe EF， Durako MJ,， Blum JE: Diurnal light curves and landscape-scale variation in photosynthetic characteristics of Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay Aquatic Botany2008,， 89(1):16-22.[DIVING-PAM]
30.Burghardt I， Stemmer K,， Wägele H: Symbiosis between Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) and various taxa of Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda),， with analyses of long-term retention Organisms Diversity & Evolution2008， 8(1):66-76.[DIVING-PAM]
31.Hall-Spencer JM,， Rodolfo-Metalpa R,， Martin S， Ransome E,， Fine M,， Turner SM， Rowley SJ,， Tedesco D， Buia M-C: Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature2008,， 454:96-99.[IMAGING-PAM,， DIVING-PAM]
32.Han T， Kang S-H,， Park J-S,， Lee H-K， Brown MT: Physiological responses of Ulva pertusa and U. armoricana to copper exposure Aquatic Toxicology2008,， 86(2):176-184.[DIVING-PAM]
33.Hancke K,， Hancke TB， Olsen LM,， Johnsen G,， Glud RN: Temperature effects on microalgal photosynthesis-light responses measured by O2 production， pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence,， and 14C assimilation. Journal of Phycology2008,， 44(2):501-514.[DIVING-PAM]
34.Martínez B， Rico JM: Changes in nutrient content of Palmaria palmata in response to variable light and upwelling in Northern Spain. Journal of Phycology2008,， 44(1):50-59.[DIVING-PAM]
35.Piniak GA,， Storlazzi CD: Diurnal variability in turbidity and coral fluorescence on a fringing reef flat: Southern Molokai,， Hawaii Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science2008,， 77(1):56-64.[DIVING-PAM]
36.Reynolds JM,， Bruns BU， Fitt WK,， Schmidt GW: Enhanced photoprotection pathways in symbiotic dinoflagellates of shallow-water corals and other cnidarians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2008,， 105:13674-13678.[PAM-100， DIVING-PAM]
37.Rodolfo-Metalpa R,， Huot Y,， Ferrier-Pages C: Photosynthetic response of the Mediterranean zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa to the natural range of light and temperature. Journal of Experimental Biology2008， 211(10):1579-1586.[DIVING-PAM]
38.Sampayo EM,， Ridgway T,， Bongaerts P， Hoegh-Guldberg O: Bleaching susceptibility and mortality of corals are determined by fine-scale differences in symbiont type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2008,， 105:10444-10449.[DIVING-PAM]
39.Saroussi S,， Beer S: Alpha and quantum yield of aquatic plants derived from PAM fluorometry: Uses and misuses Aquatic Botany2008， 86(1):89-92.[DIVING-PAM]
40.Smith-Keune C,， Dove S: Gene Expression of a Green Fluorescent Protein Homolog as a Host-Specific Biomarker of Heat Stress Within a Reef-Building Coral Marine Biotechnology2008,， 10(2):166-180.[DIVING-PAM]
41.Sofonia JJ， Anthony KRN: High-sediment tolerance in the reef coral Turbinaria mesenterina from the inner Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Australia) Estuarine,， Coastal and Shelf Science2008,， 78(4):748-752.[DIVING-PAM]
42.李強(qiáng)， 王國(guó)祥: 冬季降溫對(duì)菹草葉片光合熒光特性的影響. 生態(tài)環(huán)境2008,， 17(5):1754-1758.[DIVING-PAM]
43.鄭有飛,， 李璐， 梁駿: 模擬酸雨條件下Pb~(2+)和Cr~(6+)對(duì)蕹菜光合作用及品質(zhì)的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)雜志2008,， 27(9):1580-1586.[DIVING-PAM]
44.周曉紅,， 王國(guó)祥， 馮冰冰: 光照對(duì)菹草(Potamogeton cripus)幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和光合熒光特性的影響. 生態(tài)環(huán)境2008,， 17(4):1342-1347.[DIVING-PAM]
45.Bautista AIN,， Jr. ON: Photoacclimation in three species of freshwater red algae Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology2007， 19(1):23-34.[DIVING-PAM]
46.Belshe EF,， Durako MJ,， Blum JE: Photosynthetic rapid light curves (RLC) of Thalassia testudinum exhibit diurnal variation Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007， 342(2):253-268.[DIVING-PAM]
47.Cantin NE,， Negri AP,， Willis BL: Photoinhibition from chronic herbicide exposure reduces reproductive output of reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series2007， 344:81-93.[DIVING-PAM]
48.Carpenter LW， Patterson MR: Water flow influences the distribution of photosynthetic efficiency within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander,， 1786); implications for coral bleaching Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007,， 351(1-2):10-26.[DIVING-PAM]
49.Carr H， Björk M: Parallel changes in non-photochemical quenching properties,， photosynthesis and D1 levels at sudden,， prolonged irradiance exposures in Ulva fasciata Delile Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2007， 87(1):18-26.[DIVING-PAM]
50.Cayabyab NM,， Enríquez S: Leaf photoacclimatory responses of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum under mesocosm conditions: a mechanistic scaling-up study. New Phytologist2007,， 176(1):108-123.[DIVING-PAM]
51.Davison IR， Jordan TL,， Fegley JC,， Grobe CW: Response ofLaminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) growth and photosynthesis to simultaneous ultraviolet radiation and nitrogen limitation. Journal of Phycology2007， 43(4):636-646.[DIVING-PAM]
52.Durako MJ: Leaf optical properties and photosynthetic leaf absorptances in several Australian seagrasses Aquatic Botany2007,， 87(1):83-89.[DIVING-PAM]
53.Ferrier-Pagès C,， Richard C， Forcioli D,， Allemand D,， Pichon M， Shick JM: Effects of Temperature and UV Radiation Increases on the Photosynthetic Efficiency in Four Scleractinian Coral Species. Biological Bulletin2007,， 213:76-87.[DIVING-PAM]
54.Fleming ED,， Bebout BM， Castenholz RW: Effects of salinity and light intensity on the resumption of photosynthesis in rehydrated cyanobacterial mats from Baja California Sur,， Mexico. Journal of Phycology2007,， 43(1):15-24.[DIVING-PAM]
55.Francoeur SN， Johnson AC,， Kuehn KA,， Neely RK: Evaluation of the efficacy of the photosystem II inhibitor DCMU in periphyton and its effects on nontarget microorganisms and extracellular enzymatic reactions. Journal of the North American Benthological Society2007， 26(4):633-641.[DIVING-PAM]
56.Frisch AJ,， Ulstrup KE,， Hobbs J-PA: The effects of clove oil on coral: An experimental evaluation using Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007,， 345(2):101-109.[DIVING-PAM]
57.García-Mendoza E,， Colombo-Pallotta MF: The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera presents a different nonphotochemical quenching control than higher plants. New Phytologist2007， 173(3):526-536.[DIVING-PAM]
58.Garty J,， Tamira TL,， Lehr H: The impact of UV-B and sulphur- or copper-containing solutions in acidic conditions on chlorophyll fluorescence in selected Ramalina species Environmental Pollution2007， 145(1):266-273.[DIVING-PAM]
59.Husband JD,， Kiene RP: Occurrence of dimethylsulfoxide in leaves,， stems， and roots of Spartina alterniflora. Wetlands2007,， 27(2):224-229.[DIVING-PAM]
60.Koch MS,， Schopmeyer S,， Kyhn-Hansen C， Madden CJ: Synergistic effects of high temperature and sulfide on tropical seagrass Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007,， 341(1):91-101.[DIVING-PAM]
61.Koch MS,， Schopmeyer SA， Holmer M,， Madden CJ,， Kyhn-Hansen C: Thalassia testudinum response to the interactive stressors hypersalinity， sulfide and hypoxia. Aquatic Botany2007,， 87(2):104-110.[DIVING-PAM]
62.Koch MS,， Schopmeyer SA， Kyhn-Hansen C,， Madden CJ,， Peters JS: Tropical seagrass species tolerance to hypersalinity stress Aquatic Botany2007， 86(1):14-24.[DIVING-PAM]
63.Kromkamp JC,， Perkins R,， Dijkman N， Consalvey M,， Andres M,， Reid RP: Resistance to burial of cyanobacteria in stromatolites. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2007， 48(2):123-130.[WATER-PAM,， DIVING-PAM]
64.Martinez MDCG,， Romero PR， Banaszak AT: Photoinduced toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,， fluoranthene,， on the coral， Porites divaricata Journal of Environmental Science and Health2007,， 42(10):1495-1502.[DIVING-PAM]
65.Matheson FE,， Schwarz A-M: Growth responses of Zostera capricorni to estuarine sediment conditions Aquatic Botany2007， 87(4):299-306.[DIVING-PAM]
66.Migné A,， Gévaert F,， Créach A， Spilmont N,， Chevalier E,， Davoult D: Photosynthetic activity of intertidal microphytobenthic communities during emersion: in situ measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (PAR) and CO2 flux (IRGA) Journal of Phycology2007， 43(5):864-873.[DIVING-PAM]
67.Padilla-Gamiño JL,， Carpenter RC: Thermal ecophysiology of Laurencia pacifica and Laurencia nidifica (Ceramiales,， Rhodophyta) from tropical and warm-temperate regions. Journal of Phycology2007， 43(4):686-692.[DIVING-PAM]
68.Pawlik JR， Steindler L,， Henkel TP,， Beer S， Ilan M: Chemical warfare on coral reefs: Sponge metabolites differentially affect coral symbiosis in situ. Limnology and Oceanography2007,， 52(2):907-911.[DIVING-PAM]
69.Piniak GA: Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals Marine Environmental Research2007,， 64(4):456-468.[DIVING-PAM]
70.Raniello R， Mollo E,， Lorenti M,， Gavagnin M， Buia MC: Phytotoxic activity of caulerpenyne from the Mediterranean invasive variety of Caulerpa racemosa : a potential allelochemical Biological Invasions2007,， 9(4):361-368.[DIVING-PAM]
71.Runcie JW,， Riddle MJ: Assessing the toxic effects of dissolved copper on the Antarctic macroalga Desmarestia menziesii using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging in ecotoxicological tests Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry2007， 89(4):641-653.[DIVING-PAM,， IMAGING-PAM]
72.Saroussi S,， Beer S: Acclimations of macroalgae as reflected in photosynthetic parameters derived from PAM fluorometry， and possible implications for abundance patterns. Marine Ecology2007,， 28(3):377-383.[DIVING-PAM]
73.Sharon Y,， Beer S: Diurnal movements of chloroplasts in Halophila stipulacea and their effect on PAM fluorometric measurements of photosynthetic rates Aquatic Botany2007， 88(4):273-276.[DIVING-PAM]
74.Smith LW,， Birkeland C: Effects of intermittent flow and irradiance level on back reef Porites corals at elevated seawater temperatures Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007,， 341(2):282-294.[DIVING-PAM]
75.Sobrino C， Neale PJ: Short-term and long-term effects of temperature on photosynthesis in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under UVR exposures. Journal of Phycology2007,， 43(3):426-436.[DIVING-PAM]
76.Theil M,， Westphalen G， Collings G,， Cheshire A: Caulerpa taxifolia responses to hyposalinity stress Aquatic Botany2007,， 87(3):221-228.[DIVING-PAM]
77.Torregiani JH， Lesser MP: The effects of short-term exposures to ultraviolet radiation in the Hawaiian Coral Montipora verrucosa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007,， 340(2):194-203.[DIVING-PAM]
78.Van der Welle MEW,， Niggebrugge K， Lamers LPM,， Jan G.M. Roelofsa: Differential responses of the freshwater wetland species Juncus effusus L. and Caltha palustris L. to iron supply in sulfidic environments Environmental Pollution2007,， 147(1):222-230.[DIVING-PAM]
79.Wulff A， Zacher K,， Hanelt D,， Al-Handal A,， Wiencke C: UV radiation - a threat to Antarctic benthic marine diatoms? Antarctic Science2007,， 20:13-20.[DIVING-PAM， WATER-PAM]
80.Yokoya NS， Jr. ON,， Martins AP,， Gonzalez SF， Plastino EM: Growth responses and photosynthetic characteristics of wild and phycoerythrin-deficient strains of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta) Journal of Applied Phycology2007,， 19(3):197-205.[DIVING-PAM]
81.曹昀,， 王國(guó)祥: 土壤水分含量對(duì)菖蒲(Acorus calamus)萌發(fā)及幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2007， 27(5):1748-1755.[DIVING-PAM]
82.曹昀,， 王國(guó)祥,， 劉玉: 淹水對(duì)菖蒲萌發(fā)及幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響. 湖泊科學(xué)2007， 19(5):577-584.[DIVING-PAM]
83.李強(qiáng),， 王國(guó)祥,， 馬婷， 王文林,， 潘國(guó)權(quán): 水網(wǎng)藻附著對(duì)亞洲苦草光合特性的影響湖泊科學(xué)2007,， 19(3):315-320.[DIVING-PAM]
84.李強(qiáng)， 王國(guó)祥,， 王文林,， 馬婷， 潘國(guó)權(quán): 懸浮泥沙水體對(duì)穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L．)光合熒光特性的影響. 湖泊科學(xué)2007,， 19(2):197-203.[DIVING-PAM]
85.馬婷,， 王國(guó)祥， 李強(qiáng),， 潘國(guó)權(quán),， 王文林: 富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化水體中菹草光合熒光特性研究. 生態(tài)環(huán)境2007， 16(3):758-761.[DIVING-PAM]
86.潘國(guó)權(quán),， 王國(guó)祥,， 李強(qiáng)， 劉玉: 濁度對(duì)苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響. 生態(tài)環(huán)境2007,， 16(3):762-766.[DIVING-PAM]
87.王文林,， 王國(guó)祥， 李強(qiáng),， 馬婷,， 潘國(guó)權(quán): 懸浮泥沙對(duì)亞洲苦草幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響. 水生生物學(xué)報(bào)2007， 31(4):460-466.[DIVING-PAM]
88.徐瑤,， 王國(guó)祥,， 李強(qiáng): 水體濁度對(duì)苦草光合熒光特性的影響. 武漢植物學(xué)研究2007， 25(1):70-74.[DIVING-PAM]
89.Andersson M,， Schubert H,， Pedersén M,， Snoeijs P: Different patterns of carotenoid composition and photosynthesis acclimation in two tropical red algae. Marine Biology2006， 149(3):653-665.[DIVING-PAM]
90.Colombo-Pallotta MF,， Garcia-Mendoza E,， Ladah LB: Photosynthetic performance， light absorption,， and pigment composition of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales,， Phaeophyceae) blades from different depths. Journal of Phycology2006， 42(6):1225-1234.[DIVING-PAM]
91.Copertino MS,， Cheshire A,， Watling J: Photoinhibition and photoacclimation of turf algal communities on a temperate reef， after in situ transplantation experiments. Journal of Phycology2006,， 42(3):580-592.[DIVING-PAM]
92.Franklin DJ,， Cedrés CMM， Hoegh-Guldberg O: Increased mortality and photoinhibition in the symbiotic dinoflagellates of the Indo–Pacific coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper) after summer bleaching. Marine Biology2006,， 149(3):633-642.[DIVING-PAM]
93.Jesus B,， Perkins RG， Mendes CR,， Brotas V,， Paterson DM: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a proxy for microphytobenthic biomass: alternatives to the current methodology. Marine Biology2006， 150(1):17-28.[DIVING-PAM]
94.Lu I-F,， Sung M-S,， Lee T-M: Salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide regulation of antioxidant defense system in Ulva fasciata. Marine Biology2006， 150(1):1-15.[DIVING-PAM]
95.Middelboe AL,， Sand-Jensen K,， Binzer T: Highly predictable photosynthetic production in natural macroalgal communities from incoming and absorbed light. Oecologia2006， 150(3):464-476.[DIVING-PAM]
96.Nielsen KJ,， Blanchette CA,， Menge BA， Lubchenco J: Physiological snapshots reflect ecological performance of the sea palm,， Postelsia palmaeformis (Phaeophycaea) across intertidal elevation and exposure gradients. Journal of Phycology2006,， 42(3):548-559.[DIVING-PAM]
97.Perkins RG， Mouget J-L,， Lefebvre S,， Lavaud J: Light response curve methodology and possible implications in the application of chlorophyll fluorescence to benthic diatoms Marine Biology2006， 149(4):703-712.[DIVING-PAM]
98.Raniello R,， Lorenti M,， Brunet C， Buia MC: Photoacclimation of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea to depth and daylight patterns and a putative new role for siphonaxanthin. Marine Ecology2006,， 27(1):20-30.[DIVING-PAM]
99.Rodolfo-Metalpa R,， Richard C,， Allemand D， Bianchi CN,， Morri C， Ferrier-Pagès C: Response of zooxanthellae in symbiosis with the Mediterranean corals Cladocora caespitosa and Oculina patagonica to elevated temperatures. Marine Biology2006,， 150:45-55.[DIVING-PAM]
100.Schubert H,， Andersson M， Snoeijs P: Relationship between photosynthesis and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in two red algae with different carotenoid compositions. Marine Biology2006,， 149(5):1003-1013.[DIVING-PAM]
101.李強(qiáng),， 王國(guó)祥， 潘國(guó)權(quán),， 王文林,， 馬婷: 水體濁度對(duì)菹草萌發(fā)及萌發(fā)苗光合熒光特性的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2006， 26(11):3594-3601.[DIVING-PAM]
102.王文林,， 王國(guó)祥,， 李強(qiáng)， 潘國(guó)權(quán),， 馬婷: 水體濁度對(duì)菹草（Potamogeton cripus）幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)2006,， 26(11):3586-3593.[DIVING-PAM]
103.Cabello-Pasini A， Figueroa FL: Effect of nitrate concentration on the relationship between photosynthetic oxygen evolution and electron transport rate in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology2005,， 41(6):1169-1177.[DIVING-PAM]
104.Enríquez S,， Pantoja-Reyes N: Form-function analysis of the effect of canopy morphology on leaf self-shading in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Oecologia2005， 145(2):234-242.[DIVING-PAM]
105.Fine M,， Meroz-Fine E,， Hoegh-Guldberg O: Tolerance of endolithic algae to elevated temperature and light in the coral Montipora monasteriata from the southern Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Experimental Biology2005， 208:75-81.[DIVING-PAM]
106.Júnior ON,， Alves AHS: Photosynthetic characteristics of the freshwater red alga Batrachospermum delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle. Acta Bot Bras2005,， 19(1):125-137.[DIVING-PAM]
107.Liu S-L， Wang W-L,， Dy DT,， Fu C-C: The effect of ulvoid macroalgae on the inorganic carbon utilization by an intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii. Bot Bull Acad Sin2005， 46:197-203.[DIVING-PAM]
108.Ralph PJ,， Gademann R: Rapid light curves: A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity. Aquatic Botany2005,， 82:222–237.[DIVING-PAM]
109.Ralph PJ， Larkum AWD,， Kühl M: Temporal patterns in effective quantum yield of individual zooxanthellae expelled during bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2005,， 316:17-28.[DIVING-PAM， MICROSCOPY-PAM]
110.Rodríguez-Román A,， Iglesias-Prieto R: Regulation of photochemical activity in cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates under nitrate limitation and deprivation. Marine Biology2005,， 146(6):1063-1073.[DIVING-PAM]
111.Smith JE,， Runcie JW， Smith CM: Characterization of a large-scale ephemeral bloom of the green alga Cladophora sericea on the coral reefs of West Maui,， Hawai'i. Marine Ecology Progress Series2005,， 302:77-91.[DIVING-PAM]
112.Ulstrup KE， Hill R,， Ralph PJ: Photosynthetic impact of hypoxia on in hospite zooxanthellae in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series2005,， 286:125-132.[DIVING-PAM]
113.Burghardt I， Wägele H: A new solar powered species of the genus Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg,， 1831 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea) from Indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology. Zootaxa2004,， 596:1-18.[DIVING-PAM]
114.Fine M， Steindler L,， Loya Y: Endolithic algae photoacclimate to increased irradiance during coral bleaching. Marine and Freshwater Research2004,， 55:115-121.[DIVING-PAM]
115.Heil CA， Chaston K,， Jones A,， Bird P， Longstaff B,， Costanzo S,， Dennison WC: Benthic microalgae in coral reef sediments of the southern Great Barrier Reef， Australia. Coral Reefs2004,， 23:336-343.[DIVING-PAM]
116.Iglesias-Prieto R,， Beltrán VH， LaJeunesse TC,， Reyes-Bonilla H,， Thomé PE: Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific. Proc R Soc Lond B2004， 271:1757-1763.[DIVING-PAM]
117.McMinn A,， Runcie JW,， Riddle M: Effect of seasonal sea ice breakout on the photosynthesis of benthic diatom mats at Casey， Antarctica. Journal of Phycology2004,， 40(1):62-69.[DIVING-PAM]
118.Mercurio P,， Negri A， Burns KA,， Heyward A: The ecotoxicology of vegetable versus mineral based lubricating oils: 3. Coral fertilization and adult corals. Environmental Pollution2004,， 129:183-194.[DIVING-PAM]
119.Roberts S,， Sabater S,， Beardall J: Benthic microalgal colonization in streams of differing riparian cover and light availability. Journal of Phycology2004,， 40(6):1004-1012.[DIVING-PAM]
120.Runcie JW， Durako MJ: Among-shoot variability and leaf-specific absorptance characteristics affect diel estimates of in situ electron transport of Posidonia australis. Aquatic Botany2004,， 80:209-220.[DIVING-PAM]
121.Runcie JW,， Riddle MJ: Measuring variability in chlorophyll-fluorescence-derived photosynthetic parameters in situ with a programmable multi-channel fluorometer. Functional Plant Biology2004,， 31(5):559-562.[DIVING-PAM]
122.Smith JE， Smith CM,， Vroom PS,， Beach KL， Miller S: Nutrient and growth dynamics of Halimeda tuna on Conch Reef,， Florida Keys: Possible influence of internal tides on nutrient status and physiology. Limnology and Oceanography2004,， 49(6):1923-1936.[DIVING-PAM]
123.Takahashi S， Nakamura T,， Sakamizu M,， vanWoesik R,， Yamasaki H: Repair machinery of symbiotic photosynthesis as the primary target of heat stress for reef-building corals. Plant Cell and Physiology2004,， 45(2):251-255.[DIVING-PAM]
124.Toohey B， Kendrick GA,， Wernberg T,， Phillips JC， Malkin S,， Prince J: The effects of light and thallus scour from Ecklonia radiata canopy on an associated foliose algal assemblage: the importance of photoacclimation. Marine Biology2004,， 144:1019-1027.[DIVING-PAM]
125.Beach K， Walters L,， Vroom P,， Smith C， Coyer J,， Hunter C: Variability in the ecophysiology of Halimeda spp. (Chlorophyta,， Bryopsidales) on conch reef， Florida keys,， USA. Journal of Phycology2003,， 39(4):633-643.[DIVING-PAM]
126.Beer S， Axelsson L: Limitations in the use of PAM fluorometry for measuring photosynthetic rates of macroalgae at high irradiances. European Journal of Phycology2003,， 39:1-7.[DIVING-PAM]
127.Carr H,， Björk M: A methodological comparison of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and estimated electron transport rate in tropical Ulva (Chlorophyceae) species under different light and inorganic carbon conditions. Journal of Phycology2003， 39(6):1125-1131.[PAM-2000,， DIVING-PAM]
128.Durako MJ,， Kunzelman JI， Kenworthy WJ,， Hammerstrom KK: Depth-related variability in the photobiology of two populations of Halophila johnsonii andHalophila decipiens. Marine Biology2003,， 142:1219-1228.[DIVING-PAM]
129.Gévaert F， Créach A,， Davoult D,， Migné A,， Levavasseur G， Arzel P,， Holl A-C,， Lemoine Y: Laminaria saccharina photosynthesis measured in situ: photoinhibition and xanthophyll cycle during a tidal cycle. Marine Ecology Progress Series2003， 247:43-50.[DIVING-PAM]
130.Han T,， Han Y-S,， Kain JM， Häder D-P: Thallus differentiation of photosynthesis,， growth,， reproduction， and UV-B sensitivity in the green alga Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyceae). Journal of Phycology2003,， 39(4):712-721.[DIVING-PAM]
131.Hewson I,， Vargo GA， Fuhrman JA: Bacterial diversity in shallow oligotrophic marine benthos and overlying waters: effects of virus infection,， containment,， and nutrient enrichment. Microbial Ecology2003， 46:322-336.[DIVING-PAM]
132.Jones RJ,， Heyward AJ: The effects of Produced Formation Water (PFW) on coral and isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates of coral. Marine and Freshwater Research2003,， 54(2):153-162.[WATER-PAM， DIVING-PAM]
133.Jones RJ,， Müller J,， Haynes D， Schreiber U: Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef,， Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series2003,， 251:153-167.[DIVING-PAM]
134.Joyce KE， Phinn SR: Hyperspectral analysis of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity of coral reef substrates. Limnology and Oceanography2003,， 48(1):489-496.[DIVING-PAM]
135.Lovelock CE,， Feller IC: Photosynthetic performance and resource utilization of two mangrove species coexisting in a hypersaline scrub forest Oecologia2003， 134(4):455-462.[DIVING-PAM]
136.Macinnis-Ng CMO,， Ralphsd PJ: In situ impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Marine Pollution Bulletin2003,， 46:1395–1407.[DIVING-PAM]
137.Durako MJ， Kunzelman JI: Photosynthetic characteristics of Thalassia testudinum measured in situ by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry: methodological and scale-based considerations. Aquatic Botany2002,， 73:173-185.[DIVING-PAM]
138.Glud RN,， Kühl M， Wenzhöfer F,， Rysgaard S: Benthic diatoms of a high Arctic fjord (Young Sound,， NE Greenland): importance for ecosystem primary production. Marine Ecology Progress Series2002， 238:15-29.[DIVING-PAM]
139.Glud RN， Rysgaard S,， Kühl M: A laboratory study on O2 dynamics and photosynthesis in ice algal communities: quantification by microsensors,， O2 exchange rates， 14C incubations and a PAM fluorometer. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2002,， 27:301-311.[DIVING-PAM]
140.Hawes I,， Andersen DT， Pollard WH: Submerged aquatic bryophytes in Colour Lake,， a naturally acidic polar lake with occasional year-round ice-cover. Arctic2002,， 55(4):380-388.[DIVING-PAM]
141.Longstaff BJ， Kildea T,， Runcie JW,， Cheshire A， Dennison WC,， Hurd C,， Kana T， Raven JA,， Larkum AWD: Anin situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Photosynthesis Research2002,， 74(3):281-293.[DIVING-PAM]
142.Ralph PJ,， Gademann R,， Larkum AWD， Kühl M: Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues. Marine Biology2002,， 141:639-646.[DIVING-PAM,， MICROFIBER-PAM]
143.Ralph PJ， Polk SM,， Moore KA,， Orth RJ， Jr. WOS: Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2002,， 271:189-207.[DIVING-PAM]
144.Takahashia S,， Yamasaki H: Reversible inhibition of photophosphorylation in chloroplasts by nitric oxide. FEBS Letters2002， 512(1-3):145-148.[DIVING-PAM]
145.Waldhoff D,， Furch B,， Junk WJ: Fluorescence parameters， chlorophyll concentration,， and natomical features as indicators for flood adaptation of an bundant tree species in Central Amazonia: Symmeria aniculata. Environmental and Experimental Botany2002,， 48:225-235.[DIVING-PAM]
146.Beer S， Björk M,， R. G,， Ralph P: Measurements of photosynthetic rates in seagrasses. In: Global Seagrass Research Methods. Edited by Short FT， Coles RG: Elsevier Science; 2001: 183-198.
147.Enríquez S， Marbà N,， Duarte CM,， van Tussenbroek BI， Reyes-Zavala G: Effects of seagrass Thalassia testudinum on sediment redox. Marine Ecology Progress Series2001,， 219:149-158.[DIVING-PAM]
148.Garty J,， Tamir O， Hassid I,， Eshel A,， Cohen Y， Karnieli A,， Orlovsky L: Photosynthesis,， chlorophyll integrity， and spectral reflectance in lichens exposed to air pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality2001,， 30:884-893.[DIVING-PAM]
149.Jones RJ,， Hoegh-Guldberg O: Diurnal changes in the photochemical efficiency of the symbiotic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) of corals: photoprotection， photoinactivation and the relationship to coral bleaching. Plant Cell and Environment2001,， 24(1):89-99.[DIVING-PAM]
150.Kühl M,， Glud RN， Borum J,， Roberts R,， Rysgaard S: Photosynthetic performance of surface-associated algae below sea ice as measured with a pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometer and O2 microsensors. Marine Ecology Progress Series2001， 223:1-14.[DIVING-PAM]
151.Rae R,， Hanelt D,， Hawes I: Sensitivity of freshwater macrophytes to UV radiation: relationship to depth zonation in an oligotrophic New Zealand lake. Marine and Freshwater Research2001， 52:1023-1032.[PAM-2000,， DIVING-PAM]
152.Rysgaard S,， Kühl M， Glud RN,， Hansen JW: Biomass,， production and horizontal patchiness of sea ice algae in a high-Arctic fjord (Young Sound， NE Greenland). Marine Ecology Progress Series2001,， 223:15-26.[DIVING-PAM]
153.Beer S,， Björk M: Measuring rates of photosynthesis of two tropical seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Aquatic Botany2000， 66:69-76.[DIVING-PAM]
154.Garty J,， Weissman L,， Tamir O， Beer S,， Cohen Y,， Karnieli A， Orlovsky L: Comparison of five physiological parameters to assess the vitality of the lichen Ramalina lacera exposed to air pollution. Physiologia Plantarum2000， 109:410-418.[DIVING-PAM]
155.Häder D-P,， Porst M,， Lebert M: On site photosynthetic performance of Atlantic green algae. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2000， 57:159-168.[DIVING-PAM]
156.Salih A,， Larkum A,， Cox G， Kühl M,， Hoegh-Guldberg O: Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective. Nature2000,， 408:850-853.[DIVING-PAM]
157.Ilan M， Beer S: A new technique for non-intrusive in situ measurements of symbiotic photosynthesis. Coral Reefs1999,， 18:74.[DIVING-PAM]
158.Beer S,， Ilan M: In situ measurements of photosynthetic irradiance responses of two Red Sea sponges growing under dim light conditions. Marine Biology1998， 131:613-617.[DIVING-PAM]
159.Beer S,， Ilan M,， Eshel A， Weil A,， Brickner I: Use of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry forin situ measurements of photosynthesis in two Red Sea faviid corals. Marine Biology1998,， 131:607-612.[DIVING-PAM]
160.Beer S， Vilenkin B,， Weil A,， Veste M， Suel L,， Eshel A: Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Marine Ecology Progress Series1998,， 174:293-300.[DIVING-PAM]
161.Jones RJ,， Hoegh-Guldberg O,， Larkum AWD， Schreiber U: Temperature-induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of the CO2 fixation mechanism in zooxanthellae. Plant Cell and Environment1998,， 21:1219-1230.[TEACHING-PAM,， DIVING-PAM]
162.Ralph PJ， Gademann R,， Dennison WC: In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible,， pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer. Marine Biology1998， 132:367-373.[DIVING-PAM]
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