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HPV植物莖流傳感器/植物液流計
HPV植物莖流傳感器/植物液流計

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HPV 莖流量傳感器/Sap Flow Sensor

HPV莖流量傳感器是一款校準型、低成本的熱脈沖液流傳感器,,輸出校準液流量,、熱速、莖水含量,、莖溫等數(shù)據(jù),,功耗低,內(nèi)置加熱控制,,同時改善了傳統(tǒng)的加熱方式,,其原理采用熱脈沖速率法HPV,測量范圍:-200~+1000cm/hr(熱流速度)或-100~+2000cm3/cm2/hr (莖流通量密度),,可廣泛用于于莖流量監(jiān)測,、植物莖流蒸發(fā)計算、植物莖流蒸騰量,、植物灌溉等

植物莖流是樹木內(nèi)部的“水”運動,,而蒸騰是從葉片通過光合作用蒸發(fā)流出的水分。樹液流量和蒸騰量之間有很強的關聯(lián)性,,通常理解是同一回事,。但是,嚴格地說,,它們是不同的,,這體現(xiàn)在它們是如何被測量的,。

SAP流量以L/hr(或每天、每周等)為單位進行測量,。蒸騰量以每小時,、每天、每星期等毫米(mm)為單位測量,。

蒸散量=蒸騰量+蒸發(fā)量

蒸騰量以毫米為測量單位,,可與降雨量以毫米計作比較。隨著時間的推移,,降雨量(水輸入)應與蒸騰量(輸出)相匹配,。如果蒸騰作用更高,,通常是樹木作物的蒸騰作用,,那么這種差異必須通過灌溉來彌補。

蒸發(fā)量(evaporation),,蒸發(fā)量是指在一定時段內(nèi),,由土壤或水中的水分經(jīng)蒸發(fā)而散布到空中的量

1mm(降雨量)=1㎡地面1kg水

1mm(蒸騰量)=1㎡葉面積的1升樹液流量(水)

例如:在果園和葡萄園等有管理的樹木作物系統(tǒng)中,,蒸發(fā)量與蒸騰量相比非常小,。因此,為了簡化測量,,通常忽略蒸發(fā)量,,將蒸騰量取為平均蒸散量(ETo)。

技術(shù)指標

測量范圍:-200~+1000cm/hr(熱流速度)

分辨率:0.001cm/hr

準確度:±0.1cm/hr

探針尺寸:φ1.3mm*L30mm

溫度位置:外10mm,,內(nèi)20mm

針距:6mm

探針材質(zhì):316不銹鋼

溫度范圍:-30~+70℃

響應時間:200ms

加熱電阻:39Ω,,400J/m

電源:12V DC

電流:空閑5mA, 測量<270mA

信號輸出:SDI-12

線纜:5m,,Max 60m

莖流量傳感器參考文獻:

1. Kim,, H.K.; Park, J.; Hwang,, I. Investigating water transport through the xylem network in vascular plants.

J. Exp. Bot. 2014,, 65, 1895–1904. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2. Steppe,, K.; Vandegehuchte,, M.W.; Tognetti, R.; Mencuccini,, M. Sap flow as a key trait in the understanding of plant hydraulic functioning. Tree Physiol. 2015,, 35, 341–345. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

3. Vandegehuchte,, M.W.; Steppe,, K. Sap-flux density measurement methods: Working principles and

applicability. Funct. Plant Biol. 2013,, 40, 213–223. [CrossRef]

4. Marshall,, D.C. Measurement of sap flow in conifers by heat transport. Plant Physiol. 1958 ,, 33, 385–396.

[CrossRef] [PubMed]

5. Cohen,, Y.; Fuchs,, M.; Green, G.C. Improvement of the heat pulse method for determining sap flow in trees. Plant Cell Environ. 1981,, 4,, 391–397. [CrossRef]

6. Green, S.R.; Clothier,, B.; Jardine,, B. Theory and practical application of heat pulse to measure sap flow.

Agron. J. 2003, 95,, 1371–1379. [CrossRef]

7. Burgess,, S.S.O.; Adams, M.A.; Turner,, N.C.; Beverly,, C.R.; Ong, C.K.; Khan,, A.A.H.; Bleby,, T.M. An improved heat-pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiol. 2001 , 21,, 589–598. [CrossRef]

8. Forster,, M.A. How reliable are heat pulse velocity methods for estimating tree transpiration? Forests 2017 , 8,, 350. [CrossRef]

9. Bleby,, T.M.; McElrone, A.J.; Burgess,, S.S.O. Limitations of the HRM: Great at low flow rates,, but no yet up to speed? In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Sap Flow: Book of Abstracts, Seville,, Spain,, 22–24 October 2008.

10. Pearsall, K.R.; Williams,, L.E.; Castorani,, S.; Bleby, T.M.; McElrone, A.J. Evaluating the potential of a novel dual heat-pulse sensor to measure volumetric water use in grapevines under a range of flow conditions. Funct. Plant Biol. 2014,, 41,, 874–883. [CrossRef]

11. Clearwater, M.J.; Luo,, Z.; Mazzeo,, M.; Dichio, B. An external heat pulse method for measurement of sap flow through fruit pedicels,, leaf petioles and other small-diameter stems. Plant Cell Environ. 2009 ,, 32, 1652–1663.[CrossRef]

12. Green,, S.R.; Romero,, R. Can we improve heat-pulse to measure low and reverse flows? Acta Hortic. 2012 , 951,, 19–29. [CrossRef]

13. Green,, S.; Clothier, B.; Perie,, E. A re-analysis of heat pulse theory across a wide range of sap flows. Acta Hortic. 2009,, 846,, 95–104. [CrossRef]

14. Ferreira,, M.I.; Green, S.; Concei??o,, N.; Fernández,, J. Assessing hydraulic redistribution with the

compensated average gradient heat-pulse method on rain-fed olive trees. Plant Soil 2018 , 425,, 21–41.

[CrossRef]

15. Romero,, R.; Muriel, J.L.; Garcia,, I.; Green,, S.R.; Clothier, B.E. Improving heat-pulse methods to extend the measurement range including reverse flows. Acta Hortic. 2012,, 951,, 31–38. [CrossRef]

16. Testi, L.; Villalobos,, F. New approach for measuring low sap velocities in trees. Agric. Meteorol. 2009 ,, 149, 730–734. [CrossRef]

17. Vandegehuchte,, M.W.; Steppe,, K. Sapflow+: A four-needle heat-pulse sap flow sensor enabling nonempirical sap flux density and water content measurements. New Phytol. 2012, 196, 306–317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

18. Kluitenberg,, G.J.; Ham,, J.M. Improved theory for calculating sap flow with the heat pulse method.

Agric. For. Meteorol. 2004, 126,, 169–173. [CrossRef]

19. Vandegehuchte,, M.W.; Steppe, K. Improving sap-flux density measurements by correctly determining

thermal diffusivity,, differentiating between bound and unbound water. Tree Physiol. 2012 ,, 32, 930–942.

[CrossRef]

20. Looker,, N.; Martin,, J.; Jencso, K.; Hu,, J. Contribution of sapwood traits to uncertainty in conifer sap flow as estimated with the heat-ratio method. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2016,, 223, 60–71. [CrossRef]

21. Edwards,, W.R.N.; Warwick,, N.W.M. Transpiration from a kiwifruit vine as estimated by the heat pulse

technique and the Penman-Monteith equation. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 1984, 27,, 537–543. [CrossRef]

22. Becker,, P.; Edwards, W.R.N. Corrected heat capacity of wood for sap flow calculations. Tree Physiol 1999 ,, 19,, 767–768. [CrossRef]

23. Hogg, E.H.; Black,, T.A.; den Hartog,, G.; Neumann, H.H.; Zimmermann,, R.; Hurdle,, P.A.; Blanken, P.D.;

Nesic,, Z.; Yang,, P.C.; Staebler, R.M.; et al. A comparison of sap flow and eddy fluxes of water vapor from a

boreal deciduous forest. J. Geophys. Res. 1997,, 102,, 28929–28937. [CrossRef]

24. Barkas, W.W. Fibre saturation point of wood. Nature 1935,, 135,, 545. [CrossRef]

25. Kollmann, F.F.P.; Cote, W.A.,, Jr. Principles of Wood Science and Technology: Solid Wood; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg,, Germany, 1968.

26. Swanson,, R.H.; Whitfield,, D.W.A. A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity and theory. J. Exp. Bot. 1981 ,32,, 221–239. [CrossRef]

27. Barrett,, D.J.; Hatton, T.J.; Ash,, J.E.; Ball,, M.C. Evaluation of the heat pulse velocity technique for measurement of sap flow in rainforest and eucalypt forest species of south-eastern Australia. Plant Cell Environ. 1995 , 18,, 463–469. [CrossRef]

28. Biosecurity Queensland. Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland Edition; Queensland Government: Brisbane,, Australia, 2016.

29. Steppe,, K.; de Pauw,, D.J.W.; Doody, T.M.; Teskey,, R.O. A comparison of sap flux density using thermal

dissipation,, heat pulse velocity and heat field deformation methods. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010 , 150,, 1046–1056. [CrossRef]

30. López-Bernal,, A.; Testi,, L.; Villalobos,, F.J. A single-probe heat pulse method for estimating sap velocity in trees. New Phytol. 2017, 216,, 321–329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

31. Forster,, M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow? Tree Physiol. 2014, 34,, 757–765. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

32. Cohen,, Y.; Fuchs, M.; Falkenflug,, V.; Moreshet,, S. Calibrated heat pulse method for determining water uptake in cotton. Agron. J. 1988, 80,, 398–402. [CrossRef]

33. Cohen,, Y.; Takeuchi, S.; Nozaka, J.; Yano,, T. Accuracy of sap flow measurement using heat balance and heat pulse methods. Agron. J. 1993,, 85, 1080–1086. [CrossRef]

34. Lassoie,, J.P.; Scott,, D.R.M.; Fritschen, L.J. Transpiration studies in Douglas-fir using the heat pulse technique. For. Sci. 1977,, 23,, 377–390.

35. Wang, S.; Fan,, J.; Wang,, Q. Determining evapotranspiration of a Chinese Willow stand with three-needleheat-pulse probes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2015, 79,, 1545–1555. [CrossRef]

36. Bleby,, T.M.; Burgess, S.S.O.; Adams,, M.A. A validation,, comparison and error analysis of two heat-pulse methods for measuring sap flow in Eucalyptus marginata saplings. Funct. Plant Biol. 2004 , 31,, 645–658.[CrossRef]

37. Madurapperuma,, W.S.; Bleby, T.M.; Burgess,, S.S.O. Evaluation of sap flow methods to determine water use by cultivated palms. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009,, 66, 372–380. [CrossRef]

38. Green,, S.R. Measurement and modelling the transpiration of fruit trees and grapevines for irrigation

scheduling. Acta Hortic. 2008,, 792, 321–332. [CrossRef]

39. Intrigliolo,, D.S.; Lakso,, A.N.; Piccioni, R.M. Grapevine cv. ‘Riesling’ water use in the northeastern United

States. Irrig. Sci. 2009,, 27,, 253–262. [CrossRef]

40. Eliades, M.; Bruggeman,, A.; Djuma,, H.; Lubczynski, M. Tree water dynamics in a semi-arid,, Pinus brutia

forest. Water 2018,, 10,, 1039. [CrossRef]

41. Zhao, C.Y.; Si,, J.H.; Qi,, F.; Yu, T.F.; Li,, P.D. Comparative study of daytime and nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica. Plant Growth Regul. 2017,, 82, 353–362. [CrossRef]

42. Deng,, Z.; Guan,, H.; Hutson, J.; Forster,, M.A.; Wang,, Y.; Simmons, C.T. A vegetation focused soil-plant-atmospheric continuum model to study hydrodynamic soil-plant water relations. Water Resour. Res. 2017,, 53,, 4965–4983. [CrossRef]

43. Doronila, A.I.; Forster,, M.A. Performance measurement via sap flow monitoring of three Eucalyptus species for mine site and dryland salinity phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytoremed. 2015,, 17, 101–108. [CrossRef]

44. López-Bernal,, á.; Alcántara,, E.; Villalobos, F.J. Thermal properties of sapwood fruit trees as affected by

anatomy and water potential: Errors in sap flux density measurements based on heat pulse methods. Trees

2014,, 28,, 1623–1634. [CrossRef]

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